Creating the NFL Schedule

The NFL schedule makers — Vice President of Broadcasting Michael North, Senior Vice President of Broadcasting Howard Katz, Senior Director of Broadcasting Blake Jones, Director of Broadcasting Charlotte Carey, Vice President of Broadcasting Onnie Bose, and Broadcasting Senior Coordinator Lucy Popko — must consider the fans, the league’s broadcast partners and many other factors when building the 272-game schedule that spans the 18 weeks of the NFL season and showcases the league’s best matchups and talent.

The schedule makers will have to work around events that are already scheduled to take place in or near NFL stadiums — events that may compete with the games, put undue stress on the playing surface, or create traffic or logistical nightmares. The league begins collecting information from the clubs in January about any events that may create scheduling conflicts.

The schedulers are also constrained by internal factors. A formula determines each team’s opponents every year, and a rotating schedule ensures that every team plays each of the other 31 at least once in a four-year period.

It takes thousands of cloud-based computers to produce thousands of possible schedules — a process that sets the stage for the schedule makers to begin the arduous task of picking the best possible one.

THE ANATOMY OF THE NFL SCHEDULE

The league’s 32 teams are split into two conferences — the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). The 16 teams in each conference are split into the East, North, South and West divisions; every division has four teams.

Every team will play 17 regular-season games with one bye week. Teams will alternate seasons where they host nine regular-season games and one preseason game, or eight regular-season games and two preseason games. The AFC will have nine regular season home games in the 2023 season.

Here’s a breakdown of how each team’s opponents are set:

• Six games against divisional opponents — two games per team, one at home and one on the road.
• Four games against teams from a division within its conference — two games at home and two on the road.
• Four games against teams from a division in the other conference— two games at home and two on the road.
• Two games against teams from the two remaining divisions in its own conference — one game at home and one on the road. Matchups are based on division ranking from the previous season.
• The 17th game is an additional game against a non-conference opponent from a division that the team is not scheduled to play. Matchups are based on division ranking from the previous season.

GAME TIMES AND BROADCAST PARTNERS

The NFL's marquee matchups often are scheduled to air during the week’s premier time slots — Thursday, Sunday or Monday nights or the late game on Sunday afternoons. The league typically schedules the Super Bowl champion at home for the Thursday night game that kicks off the new season.

The league will also schedule games on the Saturdays of Weeks 15, 16 and 18. In Week 15, three of the five designated matchups will be played on Saturday with the remainder being played on Sunday. Specific dates and start times for the designated Week 15 matchups will be determined and announced later during the season.

In Week 18, two games will be played on Saturday with the remainder being played on Sunday. Specific dates, start times, and networks for Week 18 matchups will be determined and announced following the conclusion of Week 17.

Additionally, Week 16 will feature a Saturday doubleheader split between NBC and Peacock. That week will also feature a Christmas day tripleheader on CBS, FOX and ABC.

Most NFL games are played on Sunday afternoons, with early games starting at 1:00 p.m. ET and the late games starting at either 4:05 p.m. ET or 4:25 p.m. ET, depending on whether the game is part of a network doubleheader.

The Sunday afternoon games are broadcast on CBS and FOX; and for the first time ever, games do not have a predetermined network assignment based on conference affiliation of participating teams. This change allows the scheduling team more flexibility to build Sunday afternoon windows across CBS and FOX.

Additionally, ESPN/ABC will air two games with playoff implications on the Saturday of Week 18, January 6, at 4:30 PM ET and 8:15 PM ET. These games will be selected following the conclusion of Week 17.

The season will open and close with doubleheaders on both CBS and FOX and every market will see four Sunday afternoon games in Weeks 1 and 18. Over Weeks 2–17, Fox and CBS will each have eight doubleheaders. In those weeks, one network will show games in both Sunday afternoon time slots, while the other will air only one game in either of the two time slots. Doubleheader weeks generally alternate between networks, but not always. It is possible for one network to have doubleheaders on consecutive weeks, but not three weeks in a row.

For the first time since 1994, the NFL will add a new live game broadcast partner. Prime Video will become the new exclusive Thursday night partner, marking the first time an NFL broadcast partner has been a digital provider.

The season will open and close with doubleheaders on both CBS and FOX and every market will see four Sunday afternoon games in Weeks 1 and 18. Over Weeks 2–17, Fox and CBS will each have eight doubleheaders. In those weeks, one network will show games in both Sunday afternoon time slots, while the other will air only one game in either of the two time slots. Doubleheader weeks generally alternate between networks, but not always. It is possible for one network to have doubleheaders on consecutive weeks, but not three weeks in a row.

INTERNATIONAL SERIES

In 2007, the NFL added a new twist to the scheduling process: the NFL International Series.

Each team is guaranteed to play internationally at least once every eight years. For the 2023 season, the NFL will once again feature games in the United Kingdom and Germany, with three games in London and two in Frankfurt.

Scheduling these matchups presents a challenge for the schedule makers, which is why setting the International Series games is a particular focus early in the process.

Schedule makers then look at a three-week window around the international games to try to find ways to make long travel less of a burden on the teams. This includes where a team plays in the week prior to an international game and whether or not they have a bye week following the game.

There will not be an international game in Mexico due to renovations taking place in Estadio Azteca in Mexico City.

FLEX SCHEDULING

In 2006, the NFL introduced a “flexible scheduling” procedure for NBC’s “Sunday Night Football.” Flex scheduling ensures that the Sunday night game will feature a quality primetime matchup.

During the 2023 season, flexible scheduling for Sunday night may be used twice between Weeks 5–10, Weeks 11–15 and Week 17. In flex scheduling weeks, the games listed for the Sunday night window are tentative and subject to change. Only Sunday afternoon games are eligible to move to Sunday night, in which the tentatively scheduled Sunday night game would move to a Sunday afternoon.

Sunday afternoon games may also be moved between the 1 p.m. ET, 4:05 p.m. ET, or 4:25 p.m. ET time slots.

Beginning in 2023, flexible scheduling will also be applied to ESPN's "Monday Night Football." This flexibility will be available in Weeks 12-15 and 17, allowing the NFL to move a different game into Monday Night Football and allowing the originally scheduled Monday night game to go back to Sunday afternoon. Monday Night Football flex scheduling decisions will be made on 13 days’ notice.

In 2014, the league introduced “cross-flexing,” which allows a select number of games annually that would have typically aired on Fox or CBS to be aired on the other Sunday afternoon network. That means, for example, that an all-AFC matchup could air on Fox and an all-NFC game could appear on CBS. An equal number of games must be cross-flexed: if CBS airs three games originally slated for Fox, then Fox would have to get three games that would have originally aired on CBS.

In 2014, the league introduced “cross-flexing,” which allows a select number of games annually that would have typically aired on Fox or CBS to be aired on the other Sunday afternoon network. That means, for example, that an all-AFC matchup could air on Fox and an all-NFC game could appear on CBS. An equal number of games must be cross-flexed: if CBS airs three games originally slated for Fox, then Fox would have to get three games that would have originally aired on CBS.

GREATER ACCESS IN COMING SEASONS

Fans have unprecedented access to more games each week, which will affect the scheduling process.

• Monday Night Football games subject to flexible scheduling beginning in Week 13 during the 2023 season.
• Three instances of Monday Night Football side-by-side windows will be featured on ESPN and ABC in the 2023 season.
• Saturday doubleheaders in the final week of the season featuring matchups with playoff implications.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD SCHEDULE?

Each team has one bye week assigned and many teams have a specific number of cross-country games scheduled (as determined by the standard formula at the conclusion of the previous season), stadium conflicts and other operational obstacles in their schedule. The scheduling teams aim to balance these operational elements while still trying to maximize fan viewership.

The process is challenging, and there may be no such thing as a perfect schedule, but the schedule makers consistently try to provide the NFL’s fans and broadcast partners with a compelling and entertaining slate of games week after week.

Each team has one bye week between Weeks 6 and 14. Determining where that bye week falls for each team presents additional challenges for the schedule makers.

For example, the league tries to limit the number of times a team that played the week before has to face a team coming off its bye.

The schedule makers also consider where a team’s bye week fell in past seasons. A team with an early bye week one year will receive consideration for a later bye week the next season. 

Even after all the factors have been weighed and the schedule is produced, the league occasionally has to make adjustments on short notice.

In 2017, Hurricane Irma caused the league to postpone the Tampa Bay Buccaneers’ Week 1 game in Miami against the Dolphins in the interest of public safety. While not ideal, the teams both had a Week 11 bye, so the game was played that week and they had an unexpected Week 1 bye.

The league tries to limit the number of consecutive road games any team plays to two games, with emphasis at the beginning and end of the season. Sometimes, however, the schedule makers cannot avoid placing a team on the road for three straight weeks.

Schedule makers also work to avoid putting teams in a position where they cross the country too often over a short period of time or endure inordinate travel that may put the players at a competitive disadvantage compared with the club they are playing.

The league tries to avoid scheduling teams that play on the road on Monday nights with an away game the following week to avoid having two road games separated by a short week.

The process is challenging, and there may be no such thing as a perfect schedule, but the schedule makers consistently provide the NFL’s fans and broadcast partners with a compelling and entertaining slate of games week after week.